Applejacks


 * "Animal Testing." //Humane Society of the United States// . 2009. Web. 1 Dec 2009. < [|http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animal_testing/]>. ||
 * Elie Thompson**
 * 1) some of the testing of deliberatelu poisoning animals questions the ethics and humaneness, some of the tests on the animals result in death ET
 * 2) most of the tests on the animals connected with cosmetics are for the benefit of humans, the marketing of a new brand or moisterizer or mascara ET
 * 3) millions of lives of animals being saved is a possibility if alternatives to widely used procedures are developed ET
 * 4) Different sosieties including the Humane Society of the United States considers the animal-based toxicity studies to be an "ethically and scientifically questionable means of evaluating potential hazards to human beings, wildlife, or the environment we all share" ET
 * 5) the banning of cosmetic products tested on animals promotes greater reliance on available alternative testing methods ET
 * 6) // animals are administered daily doses of a test substance to determine whether **one or more organ or system is harmfully affected** following exposures of up to one-month ("subacute"), three-months ("subchronic"), and/or two-years ("chronic") duration. //ET
 * 7) Some of the tests preformed on the animals may cause eye irritation or cancer ET
 * 8) almos all tests aimed at finding hazards to humans in the products made are generally referred to as "safety" or "health effects" studies, however animal-oriented tests (usually on wildlife) are known as "ecotoxicity" studies. ET
 * 9) Between 40-80 years, cosmetic tests have been performed on animals and virtually all inflict suffering and death on them ET
 * 10) The "Twenty First Century Toxology" is an alternative method to testing cosmetics on animals that is " ultra-modern, efficient" whereas the current method used to test our cosmetics is decades old, costly, slow and of dubious relevance to people  ET
 * 11) The Humane Society Legislation Fund is working to pass state legislation that bans the use of cosmetic testing on animals when another alternative that is equaly efficient and is not at all harmful to animals ET
 * 12) More that 2.7 million people each year pay to have a powerful toxin—and potential bioterrorism agent—injected into their face, more commomly known as botox. This chemical lifts the skin on the face to make the recipient appear younger but the process is at a high cost to animals ET
 * 13) There are bilateral commuications taking place between the United States and Europe about internationally changing the current method of cosmetic testing to the new more improved way in order to "expedite international acceptance and use of these life-saving technologies" ET
 * 14) The Russel and Burch Award is an award given to the scientists who helped develope the new method of cosmetic testing in areas of biiomedical research and, in turn, saving millions of lives of animals suffering from the cruel suffering ET
 * 15) There is a petition called the " Corporate Standard of Compassion of Animals" which is a "rigorous policy that ensures manufacturers and suppliers will not conduct or commission animal tests and will not use any ingredient or formulation that is tested on animals"ET
 * 16) Companies that sign the "Corparate Standard of Compassion of Animals" are permitted to pring the "Leaping Bunny" logo on thier products stating that thier products are not tested on animals and that they manufacture completely "cruelty-free" products ET
 * 17) After a 9- month investigation of the New Iberia Research Center, the HSUS revealed that the the research center has possibly violated a minimum of 338 counts on the Animal Welfare Act ET
 * 18) the chimps in custody have been shown signs of severe distress and self-mutilation by "tearing gaping wounds into their arms and legs", which may be a result of the inadequate environments in which the chimps were forced to live
 * 19) the chimps and monkeys captive have suffered from a number of distressing prodedures, some of which include "powerful and painful dart guns and frightening squeeze cages for sedation"
 * 20) infant primates are separated from thier mothers soon after birth to have tubes pushed down thier throats so that the researchers may conduct more tests
 * 21) the NIRC has been found that they failed to attend to the phycological well-being of the monkeys and chimps in captivity
 * 22) the NIRC has also been found that they were violating a federal law. they were breeding more chimpanzees for the pure reason of testing them
 * 23) the research center being procecuted had about 6000 monkeys and 325 chimpanzees in captivity in thier inadequate environments
 * 24) american taxpayers have been paying millions of dollars for the NIRC's illegal and cruel actions to the monkeys
 * 25) In almost all cases of animal testing, the animals have felt extreme pain
 * 26) Many rats and mice have felt “pain or distress for which pain-relieving drugs would interfere with the purpose of the experiment and were, therefore, not provided”
 * 27) Many purpose-bred rats, mice, and birds, which make up 90% of the occupants which are tested, have received extreme pain which would require a drug dosage but would interfere with the testing process and so therefore, not given the pain relievers
 * 28) Chimps have been subject to extensive and unnecessary pain and suffering for the past 40 years
 * 29) Wasteful and poor treatment has been occurring within research centers to the chimps
 * 30) 11 class B dealers (dealers who breed animals for the soul purpose of animal testing) sell their dogs and cats to the research centers for testing

Animal testing 101." 2009. December 2 2009 < [|http://www.stopanimaltests.com/animalTesting101.asp]>. (Kelsey Brewster)
 * 1) Over 114 million Animals a year are used in animal testing
 * 2) Almost all of them die
 * 3) Animal testing is a multibillion dollar industry
 * 4) The scientist only take them because they know the can not fight back
 * 5) The animal welfare act requires scientist to make record of all the number of animals they have tested
 * 6) Scientist do not take count of mice, rats or, birds
 * 7) Mice, rats, bird are used in 85 to 90 percent of test.
 * 8) The Animal Welfare act was signed into a law in 1966
 * 9) It says the United States regulate the treatment in animals that are in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers.
 * 10) The research is used in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, farms, defense establishments and, commercial facilities
 * 11) They include research such as genetics, developmental biology, behavioral services, biomedical research, __[|__xenotransplantation__]__, drug testing and toxicology test and, cosmetic testing.
 * 12) Supporters of practice like the British Royal Society say that “If it had not been for the animal testing most medical achievement on the 20th century would not have been discovered”
 * 13) The earliest reference of animal testing was found in Greek in the 2nd and 4th century of BCE
 * 14) Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first to perform test on living animals
 * 15) The Us congress passed laws after the tragedy in 1937 stating that they could perform test on animals before releasing the drugs into the public
 * 16) In the 1960’s the Us congress again passed a law after the tragedy of Thalidomide stating that labs could perform testing on pregnant animals before going onto the market
 * 17) Mice are the number one testers in the laboratory
 * 18) Rats are the second
 * 19) On average about 42000 animals are killed daily
 * 20) Animals are kept in cages and fenced in
 * 21) 83% of these products they try out only work on humans
 * 22) Most medical doctors and scientest say they can not trust that if it works on the animal it would work on humans becuase they are made differently and cannot be trusted
 * 23) When the process or test is done they usually just get ride of the animal
 * 24) 40% of humans show side affects to the test that actually worked for the animals
 * 25) 5 to 25% of the animal test to and human
 * 26) Over two million animals are killed in the UK alone in 2000
 * 27) Animal testing is a choice there are more ways you cant test products
 * 28) they could used a computor based enalousis
 * 29) Or a chemical based products
 * 30) most of the animals dont know what is going on while testing is going on

Alison Sappe

"Update: Animal Testing." //Issues & Controversies On File:// n. pag. //Issues & Controversies//. Facts On File News Services, 31 Mar. 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. < [|http://www.2facts.com/article/i1100140]>.


 * 1) Rodents compromise about 95% of the animals used in medical research
 * 2) The other 5% include monkeys, dogs, cats, fish, etc.
 * 3) Some animal research requires the animals to experience moderate to severe pain
 * 4) Some researchers admit that there is some mental anguish in the labs because of pain caused to the animals and the fact that animals are killed
 * 5) Researchers sometimes develop anxieties about their job because of having to deal with hurt animals
 * 6) Billions of dollars are spent each year for the testing of animals
 * 7) 29% of lab animals are administered some kind of anesthesia or painkiller (out of the estimated 30 million animals)
 * 8) 63% of lab animals experience slight or momentary pain or distress in testing (out of the estimated 30 million animals)
 * 9) 7% of lab animals are given no painkillers or anesthesia (out of the estimated 30 million animals)
 * 10) The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) made the USDA in charge of the transport, handling, and housing of some species of animals used in testing
 * 11) Animal rights activists argue that the USDA does not have enough power to enforce the proper treatment of animals
 * 12) Animal rights activists protested the AWA’s definition of “animals” as being dogs, cats, primates, guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits. They pointed out that those animals were only a small percentage of animals used in research.
 * 13) Amendments passed in 1970 expanded the number of species protected by the AWA
 * 14) The amendments also required that tested animals be administered some sort of painkiller unless the drug would compromise the results of the test
 * 15) Rats, mice and birds were still excluded from the AWA’s terms
 * 16) Amendments to the AWA in 1985 required that researchers must ensure the psychological being of the test animals
 * 17) The amendments of 1985 expanded the federal definition of “pain and distress” in relation to animal testing
 * 18) Many people oppose the practice of animal testing because of the untold number of animals killed during the process
 * 19) PETA circulated a video of a suspected vivisection of a monkey and depicted graphic animal abuse in a Huntingdon lab in New Jersey. The USDA fined Huntingdon $50,000 for violating the AWA
 * 20) A total ban of cosmetic-related animal testing will take place in 2009 in the European Union
 * 21) Cosmetic-related animal testing has decreased because it was seen as a necessary step in the development of cosmetic products and the public was outraged.
 * 22) In the United States, public opinion polls show that 63% of respondents think that animal testing is morally acceptable. 33% of respondents think that animal testing is morally wrong.
 * 23) In Canada, public opinion polls show that 59% of respondents think that animal testing is morally acceptable. 36% of respondents think that animal testing is morally wrong.
 * 24) In Britain, public opinion polls show that 37% of respondents think that animal testing is morally acceptable. 54% of respondents think that animal testing is morally wrong
 * 25) The Helms Amendment (2002) codifies the USDA’s exclusion of rats, mice and birds from the AWA’s terms. Animal rights activists were appalled.
 * 26) Animal rights activists unsuccessfully fought the Helms Amendment in court
 * 27) Opponents of animal testing believe that it is morally wrong for humans to show dominance over animals by exploiting them in animal testing
 * 28) Opponents of animal testing believe that laws like the AWA have been “watered down” to the point where they are almost useless
 * 29) Animal testing opponents believe that humans have an ethical responsibility to treat animals with respect
 * 30) Animal testing opponents believe that animal testing is scientifically inaccurate because of the difference in body functions of animals and humans

Alison Sappe "Animal Research." //American Anti-Vivisection Society//. 2009. Web. 2 Dec 2009. < [|http://www.aavs.org/researchBG.html]>.
 * 1) Animals given little attention
 * 2) Treated poorly for not being cooperative
 * 3) Transported in poor conditions
 * 4) Genetic engineering used to make animals that will more closely show a human’s diseases
 * 5) Animal research is recognized as costly, time consuming, unreliable
 * 6) A lot of research is inappropriate or not applicable to humans
 * 7) The anatomy of animals and humans are different, so results in testing will most likely be different
 * 8) Animals are kept in stressful environments that cause them to develop abnormal physiological and behavioral responses
 * 9) There is doubt in the validity of the results of testing using animals that have different physiological and behavioral responses
 * 10) An estimated 100 million animals are being used in a variety of research projects every year in the United States
 * 11) Over 95% of animals used are purpose-bred birds, rats, mice, fish and other cold-blooded animals
 * 12) There is no record of the above named animals because they are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act
 * 13) Animals are obtained from pound seizure, ‘free to good home’ ads, auctions, etc.
 * 14) Biomedical researchers typically rely on animal ‘models’ for research, inducing a human disease on a nonhuman animal that does not typically get the disease
 * 15) Animals are not usually treated for the disease as a human would be
 * 16) The pain and distress of the animal is protocol for the research
 * 17) Animal research is used because of tradition, not because it has been proved successful
 * 18) There is a growing awareness of the limitations of animal research and its inability to make a good prediction about human health
 * 19) Animals are living, sentient beings and experimentation on them takes a toll on their lives
 * 20) Animals are held in sterile, isolated cages forced to suffer disease and injury
 * 21) Drugs that appear promising in animal studies normally fail in human clinical trials
 * 22) Pfizer, in 2004, reported that it had spent $2 million on drugs that  “failed in advanced human testing or, in a few instances, were forced off the market, because of liver toxicity problems.”
 * 23) Lipitor, one of Pfizer’s drugs for lowering cholesterol, failed in animal testing, but worked when tested on humans
 * 24) In the development of the polio vaccine, researchers spend decades infecting non-human primates with the disease and failed to make a vaccine. It finally worked when researchers grew the virus in human cell cultures
 * 25) The design of animal experiments is usually flawed
 * 26) Researchers will generate many series of experiments in order to secure research funds, expand territorial boundaries and influence of the labs, or even to maintain their employment
 * 27) The series of experiments little improve the lives of humans and are often irrelevant
 * 28) Ending vivisection in animals will not halt research
 * 29) There are alternatives such as epidemiology, cell structure experiments, human clinical studies, and recent advances in //in silico// biology (computational modeling)
 * 30) Alternatives to animal experimentation more efficiently and safely find the cause and treatment to human diseases

Joseph Fawley

Kington, Raynard. __Animal Experiments: Overview__. 2008 PETA. December 1, 2009 < [|http://www.peta.org/mc/factsheet_display.asp?ID=126]>.


 * 1) animal research is perceived to be done in order to find cures for the devastating human diseases like cancer and AIDS, so most people accept it since it is seen to help medical progress JF
 * 2) some national tests found out that about two-thirds of all experiments for animal researching have very little if anything to do with improving medicine that cures humans JF
 * 3) the scientists’ curiosity is what the extremely cruel research is for JF
 * 4) millions of domestic and wild animals such as birds, cats, dogs, farmed animals, fish, mice, monkeys, rats, and rabbits are tested JF
 * 5) these tests are under the subjects of biology, psychology, biochemistry, physiology, genetic manipulation, and bio-warfare JF
 * 6) in the United States, there were 1.14 million animals used for experiments in one year, which does not include rats, mice, birds, and cold-blooded species JF
 * 7) there was an estimated 100 million mice also experimented with that year JF
 * 8) out of those 1.14 million animals, 84,662 of them were subject to pain or distress without any type of pain relief JF
 * 9) in Canada, there were 2.32 million animals used for experiments in one year JF
 * 10) from that research, 50% of it was curiosity-driven research, 35% of it was medical/veterinary research, 11% of it was for testing, and 4% of it was for teaching JF
 * 11) 167,000 of those animals experienced pain that was near, at, or above the pain tolerance level of conscious animals who were not anesthetized JF
 * 12) in the United Kingdom, 2.45 million animals were experimented with JF
 * 13) from that research, 51% of it was curiosity-driven research, 43% of it was medical/veterinary research, 4.3% of it was for testing, and 1.7% of it was for teaching JF
 * 14) at Columbia University, it was found that baboons were greatly abused by experiments done on them JF
 * 15) they were put under excruciating pain from surgeries that placed a metal pipe inside their head to research their stress compared to a woman’s menstrual cycle . JF
 * 16) this experiment resulted in the baboons suffering and dying out in their cages JF
 * 17) another one of Columbia’s ridiculous experiments was that they gave huge amounts of nicotine and morphine, strapped extremely heavy backpacks, and tied baboons inside metal cages and then they surgically removed the babies JF
 * 18) after all this, the baboons lost 40% of their body weight and was left with a severe bone infection that was never treated JF
 * 19) all this research is very hard to relate to helping human medical issues because of the variety of structures of the different animals experimented with JF
 * 20) it is also hard because nearly all the diseases developed by animals will differ from the ones developed by humans JF
 * 21) a random selection of ten animal models of human disease found that all of them made little to no contribution to the treatment of human patients JF
 * 22) the public is what funds these experiments the most whether the people know or don’t know that they’re sponsoring them through taxes, charitable donations, and purchases of lottery tickets and other consumer products JF
 * 23) some of the biggest funding organizations were the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Canadian Institutes of Health and Research, and the U.K. Medical Research Council JF
 * 24) almost all of the money received from these things were used for laboratory studies instead of human clinical studies JF
 * 25) money is also unknowingly sponsored through charities such as the March of Dimes, the American/Canadian Cancer Society, and many others JF
 * 26) unfortunately the acts towards protecting the animals from suffering have several gaps in them JF
 * 27) the Animal Welfare Act that the United States has does not protect the pain and suffering of birds, mice, and rats which are the most commonly used species for experiments in laboratories JF
 * 28) the lack of protection is clearly seen in Canada, where there is no legislation that is meant to protect animal suffering JF
 * 29) biotechnology is something new that will just bring more pain to experimented animals JF
 * 30) extreme pain will be experienced through the tearing apart of animals genetic makeup that will be done to try to succeed in experiments that have rarely worked in the past, like the transplantation of animal organs to human bodies JF
 * 31) those experiments of genetic tearing that don’t turn out kill the animals who were experimented on JF

"Machines replace animals in vaccine tests." //UPI NewsTrack// 21 Oct. 2009. //Student// //Resource Center// //- Gold//. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. < [|http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS&userGroupName=fcpsbhs]>.

1.) the attempt for change of animal testing has started to show success results JF 2.) the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Center for Veterinary Biologics began to use ways to test vaccines through machines, not involving any animals in the process JF 3.) three tests that were always used on pigs were replaced with these machines JF 4.) an extremely painful test on mice has also been replaced to not use those suffering mice any longer JF 5.) this shows that the USDA is making progress towards replacing tests on animals with tests that do not harm living things JF 6.) if this progress continues, not only will the amount of tested, harmed, and killed animals be decreased but, also, the vaccines will improve JF

Allman, Clare. "Testing response." //Geographical// Oct. 2009: 78+. //Student// //Resource Center// //- Gold//. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. < [|http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS&userGroupName=fcpsbhs]>.

1.) Ecover is a company that tests medicines and vaccines without using and torturing animals JF 2.) they believe that the current tests on animals are not necessary compared to the environmental and health risks JF 3.) they have never tested on animals unless forced to by international law that requires new ingredients to be tested on animals before used on humans JF 4.) instead of using animals, they are able to successfully test their products with tests based on bacteria, algae, red blood cells, and theoretical approaches JF 5.) even with these standards that Ecover has, they are still able to successful test and sell medicines and vaccines JF 6.) Ecover clearly shows that no one needs to harmfully test on animals when they are doing successful tests without touching any animals JF

__Stop animal testing__. 2007 December 4 < [|http://www.animaltestingfacts.zoomshare.com/]>. (Kelsey Brewster)


 * 1) Approximately 17-22 million animals are used in research each year.
 * 2) Approximately 1.1% of dogs and cats from pounds and shelters, that would otherwise be euthanized, are used in research.
 * 3) Fewer than one dog or cat is used for research for every 50 destroyed by animal pounds.
 * 4) Rats, mice and other rodents make up 85-90% of all research animals.
 * 5) Only 1 to 1.5% of research animals are dogs and cats.
 * 6) Only 0.5% are non-human primates.
 * 7) There has been a 40% decrease in the numbers of animals used in biomedical research and testing in the US since 1968
 * 8) 61% of animals used suffer no pain
 * 9) 31% have pain relieved with anesthesia
 * 10) 6% experience pain, as alleviation would compromise the validity of the data. Much of this work is directed at an understanding of pain.
 * 11) Over 70 millioin animals turn out blind, mained, scaled or, forced chemical a year.
 * 12) These test are not required by law
 * 13) They are only done to protect companies
 * 14) There are many other test that they could used but they had still used animals
 * 15) It cost an enormous amount of money that could be used on something more profictiant.
 * 16) Animal testing also is inacuret
 * 17) Saying it can be used on an animal and a human are two different things
 * 18) Animal based research does work every once in a while but thats one out of millions of animals did live.
 * 19) Animals are killed from mice to dogs
 * 20) Animal testing used to be undercover years past
 * 21) But When it first came out people raged on about how hurting the animals for no reason and not caring about if they feel pain or not
 * 22) As Time goes by the talk about animal testing and cruelty has decreased
 * 23) The only reason that doctors actually take use animals is because there easy to fine and they cant fight back
 * 24) The Animals dont even know whats going on half the time
 * 25) There has been more then 4,000,000 animals killed in the us alone this year
 * 26) Billions In the whole world
 * 27) Rats and Mice Are the most used animals in testing
 * 28) White rabbits are the second most used
 * 29) Monkeys are the third
 * 30) Scientest that are against it usually have fought with animal testing scientest before



2009 www.amprogress.org. < [|http://www.amprogress.org/site/c.jrLUK0PDLoF/b.913145/k.4502/Americans_for_Medical_Progress.htm]>. (Courtney Heffner)
 * 1) If there wasn’t animal testing then a lot of medication that saves peoples lives wouldn’t be able to be used. In many areas of biomedical research, scientists must study things in a living system.
 * 2) 1970-CT scan improved diagnosis. (Pigs) Inhaled asthma medication (guinea pigs, mice) . Migraine medication (cats, dogs).
 * 3) Animal research also helped with new approaches to treat leukemia such as the monoclonal antibody imatinib, which has increased life expectancy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
 * 4) Studies in Guinea pigs and monkeys led to the development of leukotriene-receptor antagonists, approved in 1998 as the first new type of asthma treatment in 20 years that works against both mild and severe forms of asthma.
 * 5) Since surfactant therapy became widespread in the 1980s, infant deaths due to respiratory distress syndrome have dropped by over two-thirds researchers continue to look for better treatments.


 * 1) Dr. Joseph E. Murray made history 50 years ago, as he performed the first human kidney transplant. The surgery had been previously perfected in dogs. Today, transplants are serious but routine operations.

-infected eight mice with a lethal dose of Streptococci, the bacteria that causes scarlet fever and tonsillitis. Four mice were given penicillin and the remaining four mice were left untreated.  The -The four mice treated with penicillin survived while the 4 untreated ones perished. This single experiment with just eight mice clearly defined the value of penicillin. Scientists used extracts from the spinal cord of a boy who had died from polio to replicate the disease in monkeys. After 40 years of research using mice, rats and monkeys, polio vaccines were developed and used to treat the disease.