Gnomes

Macie Hugh McLachlan. "Let's Legalise Cloning." New Scientist (London, England) Vol. 195, No. 2613 21 Jul 2007: 20. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 01 December 2009.


 * 1) human cloning-creating a baby from genetic material of an adult
 * 2) first in mammals-1997
 * 3) morally wrong to create copies of people (against)
 * 4) clone has the same genes as the adult from which it was cloned
 * 5) environmental factors affect individual so they won't be exactly identical
 * 6) we accept twins so we should accept clones because would be less alike than twins-they would be different ages and be brought up in different ways
 * 7) people think it's not safe (against) risks to the mother and the baby are likely to be very high
 * 8) in other areas of reproduction safety is not seen sufficient enough to make something illegal-the risks should be explained to the mother and she should then have the right to decide for herself just like any other medical procedure
 * 9) there might be an increased risk of miscarriage or being born with a deformity (normal birth) but people born with this, cloning their only chance of life
 * 10) people are afraid of cloning because of the risks but normal embryos only have a 25% of living
 * 11) might alter the gene pool (against)
 * 12) If cloning were legalized only a small percentage of people do it
 * 13) Cost is high
 * 14) could affect the gene pool (against)
 * 15) there is no "natural" path along which our species is meant to develop
 * 16) the arguements against describe risks that we accept in other methods of reproduction
 * 17) in many countries-UK-it's banned
 * 18) different ages so they won't be exactly the same
 * 19) might make another "Hitler"
 * 20) global travel has had a greater effect on gene pool than cloning ever could but nobody uses that to argue a ban on it
 * 21) "actions should be legal unless there is a case for making them illegal"
 * 22) benefit infertile couples who have no other way to have a child that is genetically related to them
 * 23) if someone was cloned without consent it would be unethical and maybe illegal but it's not a reasonable objection to cloning any more than rape is an objection to sex
 * 24) tell mom the risks then it's her decsion
 * 25) legalising cloning would allow fertility clinics to exploit couples
 * 26) we force clinics to make sure patients are told the risks so they can make their own informed decisions
 * 27) won't be an identical copy
 * 28) risks may decrease as technique is perfected
 * 29) psychologically or physically not the same (environment)
 * 30) all arguments in to ban tell of risks that we accept in other areas of reproduction

Grace __THE OPPOSITION__

Wesley J. Smith. "Science Unstemmed." American Spectator Vol. 38, No. 1 Feb. 2005: 23-26. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 02 December 2009.
 * 1) Stem cell researchers originally asked for leftover IVF embryos that were going to be thrown out anyway
 * 2) But more recently they've been asking (and winning at the state level) for the right to conduct more experiments and have taxpayers foot the bill
 * 3) Human Cloning is still legal in the US due to a filibuster that kept the bill from becoming law
 * 4) Researchers couldn't get federal legislation passed for "the right to research," so they went to the bottom and are trying to work their way up
 * 5) California was chosen as the state to work the way up in (liberal and full of money)
 * 6) The legislation is Prop 71- used pathos to raise money
 * 7) Accuses that Prop 71 advertised that all they wanted was to use the IVF embryos but they actually got the constitutional right to human somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the technology that produced Dolly the sheep
 * 8) Prop 71 says that the embryos must be destroyed in the first 12 days of development
 * 9) New Jersey also passed legislation on cloning, giving the right to make cloned embryos, but does not say they must be destroyed
 * 10) NJ did not make it illegal to implant the embryo into the womb either
 * 11) It is a felony in New Jersey to clone a human being- but that means researchers can clone the embryo, implant the embryo, gestate the embryo and no laws have been broken yet
 * 12) A bill in Illinois that failed by a single vote would have allowed the embryos to come from any source, be implanted, gestated, and birthed
 * 13) The main probable use for late-stage cloned fetuses would be organ donation, so that the body recieving the organ wouldn't reject the organ (this has been done successfully in animals)

Macie Ian Wilmut. "The Moral Imperative for Human Cloning." New Scientist Feb. 21 2004: 16-17. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 02 December 2009 
 * 1) UK
 * 2) could prevent genetic disease
 * 3) researchers can’t control genetic make-up
 * 4) could overcome problems and provide patients with tissue-matched stem cells
 * 5) used to study disease (inherited conditions )
 * 6) monitor the progress of diseases as they develop inside cells that people can find the cause of them
 * 7) start cloning ES cells from people with ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease (to fix )
 * 8) 10% of ALS is inherited and cloning could fix it
 * 9) cultures of cells of the cloned people would help us to track down the causes of disease s
 * 10) helps to develop and test new drugs
 * 11) drug companies have no way of predicting who will react badly to the drugs prescribed to the people
 * 12) could test their new drugs more safely/effectively by letting them screen out people that are at risk from their trials
 * 13) research
 * 14) open up new ways to repair/cure diseased organs/repair genetic defects
 * 15) could repair damaged heart muscle after a heart attack
 * 16) problems: technical problems, need to know these cells won't cause problems (like cancer), and human eggs are in short supply
 * 17) solutions: use regular stem cell for older people and cloning cells for younger, cheaper and easier to use as technology progresses, and use cow eggs instead of human eggs (strictly for making stem cells)
 * 18) treat inherited disease that hit whole organs
 * 19) could save many thousands of lives
 * 20) clone a new individual not make a copy of one of its parents
 * 21) March 2003, Thomas Zwaka and James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin in Madison said they found a way to replace faulty genes in embryonic stem cells w/healthy ones
 * 22) precision means there’s a small chance of a gene landing in the wrong place and causing problems
 * 23) stem cells are used to regenerate tissue destroyed by accident or disease but they could trigger an immune response if they don't match the patient
 * 24) cell cultures would give the power to do sophisticated genetics that we can often only do in animals
 * 25) the above helps find cures and treatments for genetic diseases
 * 26) due to the potential to cure diseases author Ian Wilmut says "human cloning must not be banned ”
 * 27) we don’t know enough about what happens to the genes during cloning to consider creating a child in this way
 * 28) even though we don’t know enough, we should keep developing the cloning technology
 * 29) we might be able to fix an egg (get rid of diseases)
 * 30) after, we could implant it in a mom and it would develop

Gina SteSteve Connor. "'I Can Clone a Human Being'." The Independent (London, England) 22 Apr 2009: 1. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 03 December 2009.
 * 1) Some believe that cloning is the first step to immortality
 * 2) Took 227 attempts to clone Dolly
 * 3) the devices used to clone Dolly can be used to clone humans
 * 4) After the success of Dolly, it was proven that human cloning was possible

Gina "Cloning Debate." __CQ Researcher__. CQ Researcher. December 3, 2009 .
 * 1) Cloned embryos can be placed in a human womb
 * 2) Cloning could help the process of discovering cures for Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and other illnesses
 * 3) Human clone could be organ donors
 * 4) Scientist Brigitte Boisselier has successfully made 14 human clones
 * 5) Some believe that cloning is the first step to immortality

Gina

ProQuest Staff. "Human Cloning Timeline." Leading Issues Timelines 2009: n.p. //SIRS Researcher.// Web.


 * 1) Cloning can be uses to give children to infertile couples and homosexuals
 * 2) With Cloning, you could give people with a cardiovascular disease a new heart
 * 3) First “test-tube” baby, Louise Brown, was born on July 25, 1978
 * 4) More organs donated to those who need it

Gina Timothy Caulfield. "Pop Culture Puts Spin on Cloning." Edmonton Journal (Alberta, Canada) 15 Nov 2008: A.19. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 04 December 2009. 1. Cloning is given a bad reputation due to movies, books, TV shows 2. due to certain movies, people fear that the government will use clones to make huge armies 3. movies featuring clones don’t show the benefits of cloning 4. More restrictions with cloning but not stem-cell research though they’re basically the same thing 5. Due to pop culture, people spread rumors about actual cloned humans as a prank, such as the Canadian Cult known as the Raelians, that spreads a wave of panic over the world

Bethany Detroit: U*X*L, 2007. //Science// //Resource Center//. Gale. 04 December 2009 [] 1) Cloning: a group of cells or organism created by artificial asexual reproduction which contains identical genetic information from another organism. 2) One of the first cloning situation on record was in 1958 when and American plant scientist cloned a carrot plant. 3) In 2002 and cloning company called ‘Clonaid’, claimed to have successfully cloned a human baby girl, they had said her name was Eve (however no evidence has been found to prove this true). 4) The cloning of human beings is illegal in the United states 5) So far scientists can create clones of clones, but it only continues for six generations (this is because the DNA being used has been copied so many times over and over again) 6) Animal’s clones that have been created tend to have medical problems and live shorter than other animals of their species (who are not clones). 7) Scientists believe that if cloning is done to quickly or not carefully enough, that serious errors can occur in the copied DNA. 8) Cloning has provided a more inexpensive way for scientists to produce the hormone insulin, which can be used to help fight diabetes. 9) Scientists can already ‘inject’ specific types of DNA into fruits and vegetables which give them better qualities such as allowing them to stay fresh longer or even travel better without getting all bruised. 10) A cloning technique used on livestock is called ‘twinning’ and it allows scientists to induce animals to be pregnant with twins or triplets.

Bethany "Update: Cloning." //Issues & Controversies On File:// n. pag. //Issues & Controversies//. Facts On File News Services, 21 Sept. 2007. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. <http://www.2facts.com/article/i1200520>. 1) Many people who are for cloning believe that cloning will benefit people in the long run. There is a method of cloning known as Therapeutic Cloning which (in theory) would allow cloned organs to be used for organ transplant patients (and this would eliminate the risk of the organ being rejected from the patients body).

2) People who are against cloning believe that cloning is immoral and unethical because in order to create a clone of something you need to use an embryo and suck out the nucleus, and then insert new DNA and copy it. Cloning has also presented problems for some animals that have been cloned; some have been ‘defective’ and usually have a shorter lifespan than another animal of the same species.

3) The idea of cloning began in the 1950’s, when scientists validated the technique for cloning (taking an embryo, sucking out the nucleus and replacing it with new DNA)

4) In 1996 scientists worked on developing the first mammal to be cloned from adult (sheep) DNA. Dolly the sheep was born in 1997 and lived for six years; she died in 2003 of cancer.

5) Scientists created Dolly in hopes of trying to create healthier more productive farm animals

6) It is believed that scientist will be able to clone animal organs and use them for human transplant patients (by extracting an embryo from and animal such as a cow or pig, removing the nucleus, and inserting human DNA to make cloned organs that will not be rejected by the transplant patients).

7) Many scientists see cloning as a breakthrough, and they believe it can change people’s lives in a positive way. For example scientists can take the most productive type of animal and clone it (over and over again) and create a more productive generation of that animal (such as cows that would produce more milk, pigs that would be bigger, chickens that give more eggs).

8) People for cloning support it because of the many potential health benefits

9) People against cloning see it as immoral and unethical because cloning requires the use of an embryonic cell to be extracted and the original nucleus (a potential life) to be sucked out.

10) The first known case of cloning was in 1952 when scientists at a Cancer Research Center in PA cloned a tadpole (the tadpole died before it became a frog).

11) In 1963 Chinese scientists successfully cloned a carp, which lived a full life and even reproduced.

12) 1996 Dolly was the first successful mammal to be cloned.

13) Scientist also want to be able to clone animals so that they can test on them, and experiment to learn more about human diseases like Alzheimer's or amytrophic lateral sclerosis.

14) In 2004 a commercial pet cloning business opened up, and a woman purchased a clone of her dead cat for $50,000 (the business closed in 2006 due to lack of customers).

15) Cows, pigs, and sheep have all successfully been cloned but for some reason chickens have yet to be successfully cloned.

16) Many people are against the consumption of food products from a cloned animal, however since most cloned specimens are to important (because they were expensive to create) to eat; only food products from their offspring are sold in stores.

17) Many people who are against cloning are against stem cell research for the same reasons

18) According to a poll taken more people find stem cell research (with the use of human embryos) more acceptable then animal cloning (with the use of animal embryonic cells).

19) Supporters of Cloning argue that more funding is needed in order to explore and make more advancement with cloning

20) As of 2007 cloning has been legal in the United States; however until recently government funding for the cloning industry has been non-existent

21) Citizens of the US (that support cloning) argue that lack of government funding for cloning has allowed other nations to get ahead of the United States in scientific advancement

22) Many people don’t know how to feel about consuming food from a cloned animal’s offspring

23) Scientists have attempted to take one embryo and clone it multiple times, so that only one embryo would have to be taken from a human (the rest used for cloning would all be cloned) but unfortunately after make six clones of the embryo all died but one, and the final clone only multiplied a few times before it died.

24) People who are pro cloning believe that therapeutic cloning could lead to great medical breakthroughs and the curing of many human diseases

25) Scientists have been able to insert human DNA into animal embryos and have created sheep with human livers, mice with human immune systems, and pigs with human blood (all of these advances in cloning could really help if a human needed an emergency organ transplant, people can practically grow organs on farms now!)

26) There are two types of human cloning; Therapeutic cloning and Reproductive cloning

27) It has been a great controversy in Congress on whether all types of cloning should be banned or just reproductive.

28) The state of California has given $3 billion dollars worth of funds to the cloning industry (since the federal government cannot financially support cloning, it is up to the state governments)

29) Great Britain, South Korea, and China have all made significant strives in the field of cloning.

30) More people in America are more for stem cell research and even pro abortion than they are for supporting the cloning over animals and humans)


 * Stem cell research = 64%
 * Abortion = 40%
 * Cloning of Animals = 36%
 * Cloning of Humans = 11%

Macie "Advantages of Human Cloning." //Think Quest//. Web. 3 Dec 2009. < [] >. > Gina Ryan T. Anderson. "The End of the Stem Cell Wars." Weekly Standard Vol. 13, No. 12 Dec. 3 2007: 22-25. //SIRS Researcher.// Web. 04 December 2009.
 * 1) cloning may be a solution to infertility
 * 2) gay people can have their own babies with the technique of cloning
 * 3) cloning can eliminate mental and physical pains for infertile couples
 * 4) save species going extinction
 * 5) human organs available for transplantation using animals
 * 6) use the animal organs temporarily until a human organ can be found
 * 7) safer and directly benefits patients
 * 8) eliminate of the risks and save more patients
 * 9) deprive the human value if born for someone else
 * 10) only way to treat it morally is to let the patient die
 * 11) provide treatments for a variety of diseases
 * 12) replace tissues and organs damaged by disease/injury to restore them
 * 13) could help Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, heart attack, multiple sclerosis, blood, bone/bone marrow ailments, severe burns (skin grafts), spinal cord injuries, and cancer patients who have lost cells/tissue to radiation/chemotherapy
 * 14) choose what characteristics people want their kids to have
 * 15) enhance people achievement
 * 16) eliminate worrying about the child’s health
 * 17) doctors can manipulate/balance the number of chromosomes in the embryo to give the mom a healthy child
 * 18) provide a better understanding of the nature of genetic diseases
 * 19) aid the production of embryos where cells could be obtained to grow organs for organ transplant
 * 20) genetically modified cows can mass produce milk
 * 21) 66% of people say it’s morally wrong to clone animals and 89% say of humans
 * 22) 74% of people think cloning is against God’s will
 * 1) Cloning of stem cells could be used in therapies because it would result in a exact DNA match
 * 2) an endless supply of human embryos
 * 3) a Japanese scientist, Shinya Yamanaka, proved that an embryonic cell can be created from an adult cell
 * 4) Yamanaka discovered that the stem-cell producing technique he used on a mouse cell will work on a human cell
 * 5) Yamanaka & team discovered 4 genes(Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) that directly reprograms the cell to a pluripotent state
 * 6) process will work with out the c-Myc gene but at a slower rate
 * 7) Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28 will also have the same effect
 * 8) Lin28 will introduce a gene group
 * 9) this technique has all the benefits of the first except with out the production & destruction of human embryos
 * 10) Wilmut, the scientist that cloned Dolly, says that scientist Yamanaka has tons of potential in stem cells
 * 11) still need to figure out how to turn stem cells into transplantable cells
 * 12) “…the conversion of transplantable cells must be mastered”, says Markus Grompe, Director of the Oregon Stem Cell Center

Grace "The Cloning Debate: Con Views." //Oracle ThinkQuest Library//. Web. 07 Dec. 2009. [].


 * 1) In the long run, cloning could reduce genetic variability
 * 2) If there's fifty of the exact same organism, one strand of flu could kill all fifty organisms, because none of them have an immunity to it
 * 3) Mostly applied to animals; if, say, cows are cloned and a strand of mad cow disease wipes out all the cows because none of them were immune, you have a food shortage
 * 4) Cloning could interfere with improvement of the species (evolution)
 * 5) Cloning is a lot of money, especially because most attempts fail
 * 6) Human cloning would have to be tested on...humans
 * 7) Could give geneticists the ability to "play God"- alter genetic code and therefore changing the baby from how it is naturally
 * 8) (The pro side to that would be you could fix genetic diseases this way)
 * 9) One could create a "perfect human" with genetic alterations
 * 10) If cloning is perfected, it eliminates an actual need for men
 * 11) Possible negative effect on familiy relationships; if the child knew they were one of their parents delayed identical twins, how would it affect their relationship?

Grace Sandel, Michael J. "The Anti-Cloning Conundrum - The New York Times." //The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia//. 28 May 2002. Web. 07 Dec. 2009. [].


 * 1) Cloning could be used to look at diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and diabetes
 * 2) Some argue that it is immoral to clone because you have to destroy an embryo, which is a life
 * 3) Others support stem cell research that uses discarded embryos from IVF
 * 4) But if a clinic accepts sperm and eggs from stem cell research and IVF, from which set do they use the embryos?
 * 5) If the creation of embryos for infertile couples is morally acceptable, why is the creation of embryos for reasearch not?
 * 6) It would have just as good an end, if it results in useful research
 * 7) Cannot say that using the discarded embryos is moral but exploitative